Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

-Military genius
-"Whiff of grapeshot"
-Campaigns in the Mediterranean
-Consulship 1799



-1804 crowned Emperor with his wife, Josephine

Did Napoleon uphold the Revolution or squelch it?

-Code Napoleon

-Education

-Infrastructure

-Concordat of 1801

Wars from 1803 onwards

-extremely successful

-defeats: Peninsular War and Russia

-Elba

-"The One Hundred Days"

-Duke of Wellington

-Battle of Waterloo, 15 June 1815

-St. Helena

The French Revolution

The French Revolution - an all-consuming event.

Louis XV - Absolutism; conspicuous consumption

Louis XVI - Absolutism; perceived as progressive

Marie Antoinette - Natural Woman; modern marriage

Triggers of revolution:

-financial crisis

-calling of the Estates General in 1787

-culture of criticism escapes censors

Estates General meets in May 1789
-Voting issue
-Abbe Sieyes: "What is the Third Estate?"

-Becomes the National Assembly
-Tennis Court Oath, June 1789



-People's militias form
-Storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789

-Abolishment of the feudal regime, August 1789

-"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"

-Church lands confiscated, 1790

Who governs France now?

-Louis XVI attempts to flee France in 1792

-September Massacres

-Vendee

-Attacked by other European countries

-Jacobins versus Girondins

-Maximillien Robespierre

-Louis XVI and his queen are beheaded in 1793
-Reign of Terror lasts to 1794

-Change everything

-Cult of the Supreme Being

Catherine the Great of Russia

Enlightened Despotism

Czar Peter the Great (1682-1725)
-modernization of Russia
-Europeanization
-driven by military reforms



Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)
-German princess
-married to Peter III in 1745




"An autocracy, which good and philanthropic qualities in the Sovereign, ruling autocratically, do not check is an evil."

-Strengthening absolutism
-Russian nationalist
-pursued aggressive foreign policy

-Why "enlightened"?

-new law code for Russia

-issues the Nakaz or Instruction

-reforms
-Diderot

The Enlightenment of the Philosophes

Dare to know!

Have the courage to use your own understanding!

Philosophes:

Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot, D'Alembert, Rousseau

-thinkers, writers, publicizers

Francois Marie Arouet = Voltaire (1694-1778)

- Philosophical Letters or Letters on England (1734)

-Wit and sarcasm

-Emilie, Marquise du Chatelet

Salons and coffeehouses become more important sites of discourse than the official academies

Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brede et de Montesquieu = Montesquieu (1689-1755)

-Well-adjusted; happy family

-Persian Letters (1721)

-The Spirit of the Laws, 2 volumes (1748)

Denis Diderot (1713-1784)

-writer and radical

-Antoinette Champion, Angelique, Sophie Voland

-Encyclopedie (1751-1772)

-Jean Le Rond D'Alembert = D'Alembert,

major collaborator on the project
-change everything

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

-Geneva, Switzerland; Protestant

-Therese Levasseur

-First Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750)

-Second Discourse on the Origins of Inequality among Men (1755)

-Emile, or On Education (1762)

-The Social Contract (1762)